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<br>Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library developed to help with the development of support knowing algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are specified in [AI](http://thegrainfather.com) research, making released research study more easily reproducible [24] [144] while offering users with an easy user interface for connecting with these environments. In 2022, [brand-new advancements](https://tageeapp.com) of Gym have actually been moved to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146] |
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<br>Gym Retro<br> |
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<br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for support learning (RL) research study on computer game [147] [utilizing RL](https://coolroomchannel.com) algorithms and study generalization. Prior RL research study [focused](https://www.p3r.app) mainly on optimizing agents to fix single tasks. Gym Retro gives the capability to generalize between games with similar principles but different appearances.<br> |
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<br>RoboSumo<br> |
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<br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robot representatives initially do not have [understanding](https://taar.me) of how to even walk, but are offered the objectives of discovering to move and to press the opposing agent out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial knowing process, the agents find out how to adjust to altering conditions. When a representative is then gotten rid of from this virtual environment and positioned in a brand-new virtual environment with high winds, the representative braces to remain upright, suggesting it had actually discovered how to [balance](http://63.32.145.226) in a [generalized method](https://gogs.eldarsoft.com). [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competitors in between agents might create an intelligence "arms race" that might increase an agent's ability to operate even outside the context of the competitors. [148] |
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<br>OpenAI 5<br> |
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<br>OpenAI Five is a team of 5 OpenAI-curated bots utilized in the competitive five-on-five computer game Dota 2, that learn to play against human gamers at a high ability level completely through experimental algorithms. Before ending up being a group of 5, the very first public demonstration happened at The International 2017, the annual premiere championship competition for the video game, where Dendi, a professional Ukrainian gamer, lost against a bot in a live individually matchup. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had found out by playing against itself for two weeks of actual time, which the learning software application was a step in the instructions of developing software that can handle complex jobs like a cosmetic surgeon. [152] [153] The system utilizes a type of reinforcement knowing, as the bots find out with time by playing against themselves numerous times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as killing an [opponent](https://coolroomchannel.com) and taking map objectives. [154] [155] [156] |
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<br>By June 2018, the capability of the bots expanded to play together as a full group of 5, and they had the ability to beat teams of amateur and semi-professional gamers. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in two exhibit matches against [professional](https://ou812chat.com) gamers, but wound up losing both video games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five beat OG, the reigning world champs of the game at the time, 2:0 in a [live exhibit](http://hanbitoffice.com) match in San Francisco. [163] [164] The bots' final public [appearance](https://healthcarejob.cz) came later on that month, where they played in 42,729 total video games in a four-day open online competitors, winning 99.4% of those games. [165] |
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<br>OpenAI 5's mechanisms in Dota 2's bot player reveals the challenges of [AI](https://git.luoui.com:2443) systems in multiplayer online fight arena (MOBA) video games and how OpenAI Five has shown making use of deep support knowing (DRL) representatives to attain superhuman skills in Dota 2 [matches](https://git.skyviewfund.com). [166] |
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<br>Dactyl<br> |
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<br>Developed in 2018, Dactyl uses [machine learning](https://www.ausfocus.net) to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robotic hand, to control physical items. [167] It learns entirely in simulation using the very same RL algorithms and [training](https://git.valami.giize.com) code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI took on the things orientation issue by utilizing domain randomization, a simulation technique which [exposes](https://thunder-consulting.net) the student to a range of experiences rather than trying to fit to reality. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having motion tracking video cameras, also has RGB cams to enable the robotic to manipulate an approximate things by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI showed that the system had the ability to control a cube and an octagonal prism. [168] |
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<br>In 2019, OpenAI showed that Dactyl might solve a Rubik's Cube. The robot was able to fix the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube [introduce](http://119.29.81.51) intricate physics that is harder to model. OpenAI did this by enhancing the toughness of Dactyl to perturbations by utilizing Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation method of producing gradually more tough [environments](http://121.36.27.63000). ADR varies from manual domain randomization by not requiring a human to define randomization varieties. [169] |
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<br>API<br> |
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<br>In June 2020, OpenAI revealed a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing new [AI](https://express-work.com) models developed by OpenAI" to let developers contact it for "any English language [AI](https://voggisper.com) job". [170] [171] |
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<br>Text generation<br> |
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<br>The company has promoted generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172] |
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<br>OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1")<br> |
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<br>The initial paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language design was written by Alec Radford and his colleagues, and released in preprint on OpenAI's website on June 11, 2018. [173] It showed how a generative model of language might obtain world knowledge and process long-range dependences by pre-training on a diverse corpus with long stretches of adjoining text.<br> |
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<br>GPT-2<br> |
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<br>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is a without [supervision transformer](https://medicalstaffinghub.com) language model and the follower to OpenAI's initial GPT model ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was in February 2019, with just limited demonstrative versions at first [launched](http://repo.magicbane.com) to the general public. The complete version of GPT-2 was not right away released due to concern about potential abuse, consisting of applications for writing phony news. [174] Some experts expressed uncertainty that GPT-2 [positioned](http://47.112.158.863000) a substantial danger.<br> |
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<br>In reaction to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence reacted with a tool to find "neural phony news". [175] Other scientists, such as Jeremy Howard, cautioned of "the technology to completely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would muffle all other speech and be impossible to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI released the complete version of the GPT-2 language design. [177] Several sites host interactive presentations of different circumstances of GPT-2 and other transformer models. [178] [179] [180] |
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<br>GPT-2's authors argue not being watched language designs to be general-purpose learners, shown by GPT-2 attaining state-of-the-art accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot jobs (i.e. the model was not further trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br> |
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<br>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, [setiathome.berkeley.edu](https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/view_profile.php?userid=11857434) contains a little 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with a minimum of 3 upvotes. It prevents certain [concerns encoding](http://201.17.3.963000) vocabulary with word tokens by utilizing byte pair encoding. This permits representing any string of characters by encoding both specific characters and multiple-character tokens. [181] |
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<br>GPT-3<br> |
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<br>First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is an unsupervised transformer language design and the successor to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI stated that the full variation of GPT-3 contained 175 billion specifications, [184] 2 orders of magnitude larger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the full version of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 designs with as couple of as 125 million specifications were likewise trained). [186] |
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<br>OpenAI mentioned that GPT-3 was successful at certain "meta-learning" jobs and might generalize the function of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper gave examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer knowing in between English and Romanian, and in between English and German. [184] |
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<br>GPT-3 considerably enhanced benchmark outcomes over GPT-2. OpenAI warned that such scaling-up of language models might be approaching or coming across the basic capability constraints of predictive language designs. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 required numerous thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of compute, [compared](http://www.engel-und-waisen.de) to tens of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 model. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained model was not immediately launched to the general public for issues of possible abuse, although OpenAI prepared to allow gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month free personal beta that began in June 2020. [170] [189] |
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<br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was [licensed exclusively](https://git.wyling.cn) to Microsoft. [190] [191] |
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<br>Codex<br> |
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<br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has in addition been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](http://bc.zycoo.com:3000) powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was launched in personal beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the design can develop working code in over a lots programming languages, many successfully in Python. [192] |
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<br>Several issues with problems, design defects and security vulnerabilities were cited. [195] [196] |
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<br>GitHub Copilot has actually been implicated of emitting copyrighted code, without any author attribution or license. [197] |
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<br>OpenAI revealed that they would cease support for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198] |
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<br>GPT-4<br> |
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<br>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI announced the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), capable of accepting text or image inputs. [199] They announced that the upgraded innovation passed a simulated law school bar examination with a score around the top 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 could likewise read, analyze or produce approximately 25,000 words of text, and write code in all major programs languages. [200] |
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<br>Observers reported that the iteration of ChatGPT utilizing GPT-4 was an improvement on the previous GPT-3.5-based iteration, with the caution that GPT-4 retained some of the problems with earlier modifications. [201] GPT-4 is likewise capable of taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has declined to reveal various technical details and stats about GPT-4, such as the exact size of the design. [203] |
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<br>GPT-4o<br> |
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<br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI announced and launched GPT-4o, which can process and produce text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o [attained modern](https://tribetok.com) results in voice, multilingual, and vision benchmarks, setting brand-new records in audio speech acknowledgment and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) standard compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207] |
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<br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o [replacing](https://golz.tv) GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI expects it to be particularly useful for enterprises, start-ups and designers seeking to automate services with [AI](https://video.chops.com) agents. [208] |
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<br>o1<br> |
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<br>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI released the o1-preview and o1-mini models, which have actually been created to take more time to consider their responses, leading to higher precision. These models are especially reliable in science, coding, and reasoning tasks, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Staff member. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was replaced by o1. [211] |
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<br>o3<br> |
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<br>On December 20, 2024, OpenAI unveiled o3, the successor of the o1 thinking model. OpenAI also [revealed](http://110.41.19.14130000) o3-mini, a lighter and faster version of OpenAI o3. As of December 21, 2024, this design is not available for public usage. According to OpenAI, they are evaluating o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, safety and security researchers had the opportunity to obtain early access to these designs. [214] The model is called o3 rather than o2 to prevent confusion with telecoms [services provider](http://gitlab.lvxingqiche.com) O2. [215] |
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<br>Deep research<br> |
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<br>Deep research study is an agent established by OpenAI, unveiled on February 2, 2025. It leverages the abilities of OpenAI's o3 design to carry out extensive web surfing, data analysis, and synthesis, [delivering detailed](https://sunriji.com) reports within a timeframe of 5 to 30 minutes. [216] With searching and Python tools made it possible for, it reached an accuracy of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) benchmark. [120] |
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<br>Image classification<br> |
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<br>CLIP<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a model that is trained to analyze the [semantic similarity](http://www.c-n-s.co.kr) in between text and images. It can notably be used for image classification. [217] |
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<br>Text-to-image<br> |
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<br>DALL-E<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer model that produces images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E [utilizes](https://prsrecruit.com) a 12-billion-parameter variation of GPT-3 to interpret natural language inputs (such as "a green leather purse formed like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of a sad capybara") and create matching images. It can [produce](https://jobz0.com) images of reasonable items ("a stained-glass window with an image of a blue strawberry") as well as [objects](http://47.90.83.1323000) that do not exist in truth ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). Since March 2021, no API or code is available.<br> |
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<br>DALL-E 2<br> |
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<br>In April 2022, OpenAI announced DALL-E 2, an upgraded version of the model with more sensible results. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI released on GitHub software for Point-E, a new basic system for converting a text description into a 3-dimensional design. [220] |
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<br>DALL-E 3<br> |
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<br>In September 2023, OpenAI announced DALL-E 3, a more powerful model better able to generate images from intricate descriptions without manual prompt engineering and render complex details like hands and text. [221] It was launched to the general public as a ChatGPT Plus [function](https://newhopecareservices.com) in October. [222] |
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<br>Text-to-video<br> |
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<br>Sora<br> |
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<br>Sora is a text-to-video model that can produce videos based upon brief detailed triggers [223] along with extend existing videos forwards or backwards in time. [224] It can create videos with resolution approximately 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The optimum length of generated videos is unidentified.<br> |
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<br>Sora's development group named it after the Japanese word for "sky", to signify its "unlimited imaginative potential". [223] Sora's technology is an adjustment of the innovation behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image design. [225] OpenAI trained the system using publicly-available videos in addition to copyrighted videos certified for that function, but did not reveal the number or the precise sources of the videos. [223] |
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<br>OpenAI showed some Sora-created high-definition videos to the general public on February 15, 2024, mentioning that it might [generate videos](https://redebrasil.app) approximately one minute long. It also shared a technical report highlighting the [methods](http://code.qutaovip.com) used to train the design, and the design's capabilities. [225] It acknowledged a few of its imperfections, including struggles replicating intricate physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT [Technology Review](https://git.morenonet.com) called the demonstration videos "outstanding", however noted that they should have been cherry-picked and might not represent Sora's typical output. [225] |
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<br>Despite uncertainty from some scholastic leaders following Sora's public demonstration, significant entertainment-industry figures have revealed substantial interest in the technology's capacity. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry revealed his awe at the innovation's capability to generate practical video from text descriptions, [mentioning](http://safepine.co3000) its potential to revolutionize storytelling and material development. He said that his excitement about [Sora's possibilities](https://scode.unisza.edu.my) was so strong that he had chosen to pause strategies for expanding his Atlanta-based film studio. [227] |
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<br>Speech-to-text<br> |
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<br>Whisper<br> |
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<br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech acknowledgment model. [228] It is trained on a big dataset of diverse audio and is also a multi-task model that can perform multilingual speech acknowledgment along with speech translation and language identification. [229] |
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<br>Music generation<br> |
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<br>MuseNet<br> |
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<br>Released in 2019, [MuseNet](https://git.starve.space) is a deep neural net trained to anticipate subsequent [musical notes](https://emplealista.com) in MIDI music files. It can produce songs with 10 instruments in 15 styles. According to The Verge, a song created by MuseNet tends to [start fairly](https://macphersonwiki.mywikis.wiki) but then fall under chaos the longer it plays. [230] [231] In popular culture, preliminary applications of this tool were utilized as early as 2020 for the web mental thriller Ben Drowned to produce music for the titular character. [232] [233] |
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<br>Jukebox<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to create music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a category, artist, and a snippet of lyrics and outputs tune samples. OpenAI stated the tunes "reveal regional musical coherence [and] follow conventional chord patterns" but acknowledged that the tunes do not have "familiar larger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" and that "there is a substantial gap" between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge stated "It's technologically outstanding, even if the outcomes seem like mushy variations of songs that might feel familiar", while Business Insider specified "surprisingly, some of the resulting tunes are catchy and sound legitimate". [234] [235] [236] |
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<br>Interface<br> |
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<br>Debate Game<br> |
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<br>In 2018, OpenAI released the Debate Game, which teaches machines to discuss toy issues in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research whether such a technique may help in auditing [AI](https://git.kawen.site) choices and in establishing explainable [AI](https://nexthub.live). [237] [238] |
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<br>Microscope<br> |
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<br>[Released](https://sublimejobs.co.za) in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every substantial layer and neuron of eight neural network models which are typically studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was created to examine the features that form inside these neural networks easily. The designs consisted of are AlexNet, VGG-19, various versions of Inception, and various versions of CLIP Resnet. [241] |
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<br>ChatGPT<br> |
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<br>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is a synthetic intelligence tool constructed on top of GPT-3 that provides a conversational user interface that permits users to ask concerns in natural language. The system then responds with an answer within seconds.<br> |
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