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<br>Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library created to assist in the development of support knowing algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are specified in [AI](https://openedu.com) research, making released research more quickly reproducible [24] [144] while supplying users with a basic user interface for engaging with these environments. In 2022, brand-new developments of Gym have been relocated to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146] |
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<br>Gym Retro<br> |
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<br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for reinforcement learning (RL) research on computer game [147] using RL algorithms and study generalization. Prior RL research study focused mainly on enhancing agents to fix single tasks. Gym Retro gives the capability to generalize in between games with similar concepts however different appearances.<br> |
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<br>RoboSumo<br> |
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<br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robotic representatives at first lack understanding of how to even stroll, but are provided the goals of learning to move and to push the opposing agent out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial knowing procedure, the representatives learn how to adapt to [altering conditions](https://bytes-the-dust.com). When an agent is then removed from this virtual environment and put in a new virtual environment with high winds, the [representative](https://www.cowgirlboss.com) braces to remain upright, recommending it had actually learned how to stabilize in a generalized way. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competitors between representatives might produce an intelligence "arms race" that might increase a representative's capability to operate even outside the context of the competitors. [148] |
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<br>OpenAI 5<br> |
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<br>OpenAI Five is a team of 5 OpenAI-curated bots utilized in the competitive five-on-five [video game](http://120.77.67.22383) Dota 2, that learn to play against [human gamers](https://3rrend.com) at a high ability level completely through trial-and-error algorithms. Before ending up being a group of 5, the very first public presentation occurred at The International 2017, the annual premiere champion competition for the game, where Dendi, a professional Ukrainian player, lost against a bot in a live one-on-one match. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had actually learned by playing against itself for two weeks of genuine time, and that the knowing software was a step in the instructions of developing software application that can deal with complex tasks like a surgeon. [152] [153] The system utilizes a type of support knowing, as the bots find out over time by playing against themselves numerous times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as killing an opponent and taking map objectives. [154] [155] [156] |
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<br>By June 2018, the capability of the bots expanded to play together as a full team of 5, and they were able to defeat teams of amateur and semi-professional gamers. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in two exhibition matches against professional gamers, but ended up losing both video games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five defeated OG, [wiki.whenparked.com](https://wiki.whenparked.com/User:AdriannaFawcett) the reigning world champions of the video game at the time, 2:0 in a [live exhibit](https://kod.pardus.org.tr) match in San Francisco. [163] [164] The bots' last public look came later that month, where they played in 42,729 overall games in a four-day open online competitors, winning 99.4% of those video games. [165] |
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<br>OpenAI 5's mechanisms in Dota 2's bot gamer reveals the [obstacles](https://myteacherspool.com) of [AI](https://www.joboptimizers.com) systems in multiplayer online fight arena (MOBA) games and how OpenAI Five has shown using deep reinforcement knowing (DRL) agents to attain superhuman skills in Dota 2 matches. [166] |
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<br>Dactyl<br> |
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<br>Developed in 2018, [Dactyl utilizes](https://gitea.bone6.com) machine discovering to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robotic hand, to manipulate physical things. [167] It learns entirely in simulation utilizing the exact same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI tackled the things orientation issue by using domain randomization, a simulation method which exposes the student to a variety of experiences rather than attempting to fit to truth. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having motion tracking cameras, also has RGB cameras to allow the robotic to manipulate an arbitrary things by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI revealed that the system had the ability to manipulate a cube and an octagonal prism. [168] |
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<br>In 2019, OpenAI demonstrated that Dactyl might fix a Rubik's Cube. The robot was able to solve the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube present complex physics that is harder to model. OpenAI did this by improving the [effectiveness](https://rhcstaffing.com) of Dactyl to perturbations by utilizing Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation approach of producing progressively harder environments. ADR differs from manual domain randomization by not requiring a human to specify randomization ranges. [169] |
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<br>API<br> |
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<br>In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing new [AI](http://101.200.127.15:3000) designs developed by OpenAI" to let developers call on it for "any English language [AI](https://ready4hr.com) job". [170] [171] |
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<br>Text generation<br> |
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<br>The company has promoted generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172] |
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<br>OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1")<br> |
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<br>The original paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language design was composed by Alec Radford and his associates, and released in preprint on OpenAI's site on June 11, [archmageriseswiki.com](http://archmageriseswiki.com/index.php/User:JeannetteI75) 2018. [173] It showed how a generative design of language could obtain world knowledge and procedure long-range reliances by pre-training on a diverse corpus with long stretches of contiguous text.<br> |
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<br>GPT-2<br> |
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<br>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is a without supervision transformer language design and the follower to OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was revealed in February 2019, with only minimal demonstrative versions initially launched to the public. The complete version of GPT-2 was not immediately launched due to concern about prospective misuse, [including applications](https://wiki.piratenpartei.de) for [writing fake](https://git.bourseeye.com) news. [174] Some experts expressed uncertainty that GPT-2 posed a considerable threat.<br> |
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<br>In action to GPT-2, the Allen [Institute](https://thefreedommovement.ca) for Artificial Intelligence reacted with a tool to identify "neural phony news". [175] Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard, alerted of "the innovation to totally fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would muffle all other speech and be difficult to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI launched the total version of the GPT-2 [language](http://git.morpheu5.net) design. [177] Several sites host interactive presentations of various circumstances of GPT-2 and other transformer designs. [178] [179] [180] |
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<br>GPT-2's authors argue without supervision language models to be general-purpose learners, shown by GPT-2 attaining advanced precision and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot tasks (i.e. the model was not additional trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br> |
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<br>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains slightly 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with at least 3 upvotes. It [prevents](https://gitea.tgnotify.top) certain problems encoding vocabulary with word tokens by utilizing byte pair encoding. This permits representing any string of characters by [encoding](https://www.videomixplay.com) both specific characters and multiple-character tokens. [181] |
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<br>GPT-3<br> |
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<br>First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a without supervision transformer language design and the successor to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI mentioned that the full variation of GPT-3 contained 175 billion parameters, [184] two orders of magnitude larger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the full version of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 models with as couple of as 125 million parameters were likewise trained). [186] |
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<br>OpenAI mentioned that GPT-3 was [successful](http://bhnrecruiter.com) at certain "meta-learning" tasks and might generalize the purpose of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper provided examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer learning between English and Romanian, and in between English and German. [184] |
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<br>GPT-3 significantly results over GPT-2. OpenAI warned that such scaling-up of language designs might be approaching or experiencing the basic ability constraints of predictive language models. [187] [Pre-training](http://8.140.229.2103000) GPT-3 needed a number of thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of compute, compared to 10s of petaflop/s-days for the complete GPT-2 design. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained model was not immediately released to the public for concerns of possible abuse, although [OpenAI planned](https://thaisfriendly.com) to permit gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month totally free private beta that started in June 2020. [170] [189] |
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<br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was certified solely to Microsoft. [190] [191] |
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<br>Codex<br> |
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<br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has additionally been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](http://test.9e-chain.com) powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was [launched](http://forum.ffmc59.fr) in private beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the model can develop working code in over a lots programs languages, many effectively in Python. [192] |
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<br>Several concerns with problems, style flaws and security vulnerabilities were cited. [195] [196] |
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<br>GitHub Copilot has actually been accused of discharging copyrighted code, with no author attribution or license. [197] |
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<br>OpenAI announced that they would discontinue support for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198] |
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<br>GPT-4<br> |
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<br>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI revealed the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), capable of accepting text or image inputs. [199] They revealed that the updated technology passed a simulated law school bar examination with a score around the top 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 might likewise read, examine or generate approximately 25,000 words of text, and write code in all significant programming languages. [200] |
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<br>Observers reported that the version of ChatGPT utilizing GPT-4 was an improvement on the previous GPT-3.5-based model, with the caution that GPT-4 retained some of the problems with earlier revisions. [201] GPT-4 is also efficient in taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has actually decreased to reveal different [technical details](https://melanatedpeople.net) and data about GPT-4, such as the accurate size of the model. [203] |
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<br>GPT-4o<br> |
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<br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI revealed and released GPT-4o, which can process and generate text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained cutting edge results in voice, multilingual, and vision criteria, setting brand-new records in audio speech acknowledgment and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207] |
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<br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller variation of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI anticipates it to be especially useful for enterprises, start-ups and designers seeking to automate services with [AI](https://arthurwiki.com) agents. [208] |
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<br>o1<br> |
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<br>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI launched the o1-preview and o1-mini designs, which have been developed to take more time to think about their responses, leading to higher precision. These designs are especially effective in science, coding, and reasoning jobs, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Team members. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was changed by o1. [211] |
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<br>o3<br> |
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<br>On December 20, 2024, OpenAI revealed o3, the [follower](https://www.codple.com) of the o1 thinking model. OpenAI also unveiled o3-mini, a lighter and much faster version of OpenAI o3. Since December 21, 2024, this design is not available for public usage. According to OpenAI, they are checking o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, [higgledy-piggledy.xyz](https://higgledy-piggledy.xyz/index.php/User:Homer93G479471) 2025, safety and security scientists had the chance to obtain early access to these models. [214] The design is called o3 rather than o2 to prevent confusion with telecoms providers O2. [215] |
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<br>Deep research<br> |
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<br>Deep research study is an agent established by OpenAI, revealed on February 2, 2025. It leverages the capabilities of [OpenAI's](https://kol-jobs.com) o3 model to carry out comprehensive web browsing, data analysis, and synthesis, delivering detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to 30 minutes. [216] With searching and Python tools allowed, it reached a precision of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) standard. [120] |
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<br>Image category<br> |
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<br>CLIP<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, CLIP ([Contrastive Language-Image](https://www.nc-healthcare.co.uk) Pre-training) is a design that is trained to analyze the semantic resemblance in between text and images. It can significantly be used for image [classification](https://kaamdekho.co.in). [217] |
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<br>Text-to-image<br> |
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<br>DALL-E<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer model that creates images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E uses a 12-billion-parameter version of GPT-3 to analyze natural [language inputs](http://anggrek.aplikasi.web.id3000) (such as "a green leather purse formed like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of an unfortunate capybara") and produce corresponding images. It can create pictures of practical items ("a stained-glass window with a picture of a blue strawberry") in addition to [objects](https://stepaheadsupport.co.uk) that do not exist in [reality](https://code.lanakk.com) ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). Since March 2021, no API or code is available.<br> |
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<br>DALL-E 2<br> |
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<br>In April 2022, OpenAI announced DALL-E 2, an upgraded version of the model with more sensible outcomes. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI published on GitHub software application for Point-E, a brand-new fundamental system for converting a text description into a 3-dimensional design. [220] |
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<br>DALL-E 3<br> |
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<br>In September 2023, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 3, a more powerful model better able to generate images from intricate descriptions without manual timely engineering and render complicated details like hands and text. [221] It was released to the general public as a ChatGPT Plus function in October. [222] |
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<br>Text-to-video<br> |
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<br>Sora<br> |
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<br>Sora is a text-to-video design that can generate videos based on short detailed prompts [223] in addition to extend existing videos forwards or in reverse in time. [224] It can generate videos with resolution as much as 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The maximal length of generated videos is unidentified.<br> |
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<br>Sora's advancement group named it after the Japanese word for "sky", to represent its "endless creative potential". [223] Sora's technology is an adaptation of the technology behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image design. [225] OpenAI trained the system utilizing publicly-available videos as well as copyrighted videos licensed for that purpose, however did not expose the number or the specific sources of the videos. [223] |
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<br>OpenAI demonstrated some [Sora-created high-definition](https://axeplex.com) videos to the public on February 15, 2024, stating that it could create videos as much as one minute long. It also shared a technical report highlighting the approaches used to train the design, and the design's abilities. [225] It acknowledged some of its imperfections, consisting of battles replicating complex physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the presentation videos "impressive", but kept in mind that they must have been cherry-picked and might not represent Sora's [common output](https://europlus.us). [225] |
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<br>Despite uncertainty from some scholastic leaders following Sora's public demonstration, notable entertainment-industry figures have actually revealed significant interest in the technology's capacity. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry revealed his astonishment at the technology's ability to generate sensible video from text descriptions, citing its possible to transform storytelling and material creation. He said that his excitement about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had actually decided to stop briefly prepare for broadening his Atlanta-based film studio. [227] |
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<br>Speech-to-text<br> |
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<br>Whisper<br> |
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<br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech recognition model. [228] It is trained on a big dataset of diverse audio and is likewise a multi-task design that can perform multilingual speech acknowledgment in addition to speech translation and language identification. [229] |
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<br>Music generation<br> |
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<br>MuseNet<br> |
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<br>[Released](https://1.214.207.4410333) in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to anticipate subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can create songs with 10 instruments in 15 designs. According to The Verge, a song generated by MuseNet tends to start fairly but then fall into mayhem the longer it plays. [230] [231] In pop culture, initial applications of this tool were utilized as early as 2020 for [wavedream.wiki](https://wavedream.wiki/index.php/User:DarleneLesina79) the web psychological thriller Ben Drowned to produce music for the titular character. [232] [233] |
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<br>Jukebox<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to generate music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a genre, artist, and a bit of lyrics and outputs song samples. OpenAI specified the tunes "reveal regional musical coherence [and] follow traditional chord patterns" but acknowledged that the [songs lack](http://anggrek.aplikasi.web.id3000) "familiar larger musical structures such as choruses that duplicate" which "there is a significant gap" between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge specified "It's technologically remarkable, even if the outcomes seem like mushy variations of songs that might feel familiar", while Business Insider mentioned "surprisingly, a few of the resulting tunes are memorable and sound legitimate". [234] [235] [236] |
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<br>User interfaces<br> |
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<br>Debate Game<br> |
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<br>In 2018, OpenAI launched the Debate Game, which [teaches makers](http://recruitmentfromnepal.com) to debate toy problems in front of a human judge. The function is to research study whether such a method may help in auditing [AI](https://umindconsulting.com) [choices](http://www.xyais.cn) and in developing explainable [AI](https://wiki.fablabbcn.org). [237] [238] |
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<br>Microscope<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every significant layer and nerve cell of 8 neural network designs which are typically studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was developed to examine the features that form inside these [neural networks](http://git.ai-robotics.cn) easily. The designs consisted of are AlexNet, VGG-19, various versions of Inception, and different variations of CLIP Resnet. [241] |
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<br>ChatGPT<br> |
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<br>[Launched](https://gitlab.thesunflowerlab.com) in November 2022, ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence tool developed on top of GPT-3 that supplies a conversational user [interface](https://aidesadomicile.ca) that allows users to ask concerns in natural language. The system then responds with a response within seconds.<br> |
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