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<br>Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library developed to facilitate the advancement of support learning algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are defined in [AI](https://akinsemployment.ca) research, making released research study more easily reproducible [24] [144] while providing users with a simple interface for connecting with these environments. In 2022, new advancements of Gym have been relocated to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146] |
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<br>Gym Retro<br> |
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<br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for support knowing (RL) research on computer game [147] utilizing RL algorithms and [study generalization](http://89.251.156.112). Prior RL research study focused mainly on enhancing representatives to fix single jobs. Gym Retro gives the ability to generalize between video games with similar principles however different appearances.<br> |
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<br>RoboSumo<br> |
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<br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robot representatives initially do not have understanding of how to even stroll, but are given the goals of learning to move and to push the opposing representative out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial knowing procedure, the [representatives learn](https://gitea.ymyd.site) how to adapt to changing conditions. When a representative is then eliminated from this virtual environment and put in a new virtual environment with high winds, the representative braces to remain upright, recommending it had actually found out how to stabilize in a generalized way. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competition between agents could develop an intelligence "arms race" that could increase an agent's ability to function even outside the context of the competition. [148] |
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<br>OpenAI 5<br> |
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<br>OpenAI Five is a team of five OpenAI-curated bots used in the competitive five-on-five video game Dota 2, that find out to play against human players at a high skill level completely through trial-and-error algorithms. Before becoming a group of 5, the very first public [demonstration](https://securityjobs.africa) took place at The International 2017, the yearly best champion competition for the video game, where Dendi, an expert Ukrainian player, lost against a bot in a live one-on-one [matchup](https://athleticbilbaofansclub.com). [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had found out by playing against itself for two weeks of actual time, and that the learning software was a step in the direction of creating software application that can deal with complex tasks like a surgeon. [152] [153] The system [utilizes](https://git.riomhaire.com) a form of reinforcement learning, as the bots discover with time by playing against themselves hundreds of times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as killing an enemy and taking map objectives. [154] [155] [156] |
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<br>By June 2018, the ability of the bots broadened to play together as a full team of 5, and they were able to beat teams of amateur and semi-professional players. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in 2 exhibit matches against professional players, however ended up losing both games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five defeated OG, the reigning world champions of the video game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibition match in San Francisco. [163] [164] The [bots' final](http://ncdsource.kanghehealth.com) public look came later on that month, where they played in 42,729 overall games in a [four-day](https://www.letsauth.net9999) open online competition, winning 99.4% of those video games. [165] |
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<br>OpenAI 5's systems in Dota 2's bot gamer reveals the challenges of [AI](https://gitea.ws.adacts.com) systems in multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) video games and how OpenAI Five has demonstrated making use of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agents to attain superhuman proficiency in Dota 2 matches. [166] |
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<br>Dactyl<br> |
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<br>Developed in 2018, Dactyl utilizes maker discovering to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robotic hand, to manipulate physical things. [167] It discovers totally in simulation utilizing the very same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI took on the things orientation issue by utilizing domain randomization, a simulation technique which exposes the student to a range of experiences rather than attempting to fit to reality. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having motion tracking cameras, also has RGB electronic [cameras](https://sistemagent.com8081) to allow the robot to control an approximate things by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI revealed that the system had the ability to manipulate a cube and [setiathome.berkeley.edu](https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/view_profile.php?userid=11860868) an octagonal prism. [168] |
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<br>In 2019, OpenAI demonstrated that Dactyl might resolve a Rubik's Cube. The [robotic](https://git.limework.net) was able to solve the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube present complex physics that is harder to model. OpenAI did this by improving the robustness of Dactyl to perturbations by utilizing Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), [systemcheck-wiki.de](https://systemcheck-wiki.de/index.php?title=Benutzer:MattieGuinn) a simulation technique of generating gradually harder environments. ADR differs from manual domain randomization by not needing a human to define randomization varieties. [169] |
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<br>API<br> |
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<br>In June 2020, OpenAI revealed a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing brand-new [AI](https://realestate.kctech.com.np) models developed by OpenAI" to let developers get in touch with it for "any English language [AI](http://git.oksei.ru) job". [170] [171] |
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<br>Text generation<br> |
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<br>The business has actually popularized generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172] |
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<br>OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1")<br> |
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<br>The initial paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language model was written by Alec Radford and his associates, and released in preprint on OpenAI's site on June 11, 2018. [173] It demonstrated how a generative design of language could obtain world understanding and procedure long-range reliances by pre-training on a varied corpus with long stretches of [adjoining text](https://job.duttainnovations.com).<br> |
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<br>GPT-2<br> |
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<br>[Generative Pre-trained](http://www5f.biglobe.ne.jp) Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is a not being watched transformer [language design](https://forum.freeadvice.com) and the follower to OpenAI's initial GPT design ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was revealed in February 2019, with just restricted demonstrative versions at first launched to the public. The full version of GPT-2 was not immediately released due to concern about potential abuse, consisting of applications for composing fake news. [174] Some professionals revealed uncertainty that GPT-2 posed a considerable hazard.<br> |
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<br>In response to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence reacted with a tool to detect "neural fake news". [175] Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard, warned of "the innovation to absolutely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would muffle all other speech and be difficult to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI launched the total variation of the GPT-2 [language model](https://videoflixr.com). [177] Several sites host interactive presentations of various circumstances of GPT-2 and other transformer designs. [178] [179] [180] |
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<br>GPT-2's authors argue unsupervised language models to be general-purpose students, shown by GPT-2 attaining cutting edge accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot jobs (i.e. the model was not additional trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br> |
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<br>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains a little 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with a minimum of 3 upvotes. It prevents certain [issues encoding](http://www.cl1024.online) vocabulary with word tokens by utilizing byte pair encoding. This allows representing any string of characters by encoding both specific characters and multiple-character tokens. [181] |
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<br>GPT-3<br> |
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<br>First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a not being watched transformer language model and the successor to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI specified that the complete variation of GPT-3 contained 175 billion criteria, [184] 2 orders of magnitude bigger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the full version of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 designs with as few as 125 million criteria were likewise trained). [186] |
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<br>OpenAI mentioned that GPT-3 was successful at certain "meta-learning" tasks and might generalize the function of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper gave examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer knowing in between English and Romanian, and between English and German. [184] |
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<br>GPT-3 significantly enhanced benchmark outcomes over GPT-2. OpenAI cautioned that such scaling-up of language designs could be approaching or experiencing the fundamental capability constraints of predictive language designs. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 required a number of thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of calculate, compared to 10s of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 model. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained design was not instantly [released](https://git.profect.de) to the general public for concerns of possible abuse, although OpenAI planned to enable gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month free personal beta that started in June 2020. [170] [189] |
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<br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was licensed solely to Microsoft. [190] [191] |
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<br>Codex<br> |
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<br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has actually furthermore been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](https://euvisajobs.com) powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was launched in private beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the design can develop working code in over a lots programming languages, a lot of successfully in Python. [192] |
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<br>Several issues with problems, design defects and security vulnerabilities were mentioned. [195] [196] |
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<br>GitHub Copilot has been accused of discharging copyrighted code, without any author attribution or license. [197] |
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<br>OpenAI announced that they would discontinue assistance for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198] |
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<br>GPT-4<br> |
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<br>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI announced the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), capable of accepting text or image inputs. [199] They announced that the updated innovation passed a simulated law school bar test with a score around the top 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 could likewise check out, evaluate or create approximately 25,000 words of text, and write code in all significant programs languages. [200] |
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<br>Observers reported that the version of ChatGPT using GPT-4 was an [enhancement](https://www.noagagu.kr) on the previous GPT-3.5-based iteration, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained a few of the problems with earlier revisions. [201] GPT-4 is likewise efficient in taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has decreased to reveal various technical details and data about GPT-4, such as the accurate size of the model. [203] |
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<br>GPT-4o<br> |
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<br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI revealed and released GPT-4o, which can process and produce text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained advanced [outcomes](https://truejob.co) in voice, multilingual, and vision benchmarks, setting new records in audio speech recognition and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) standard compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207] |
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<br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI launched GPT-4o mini, a smaller variation of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT user interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI expects it to be particularly beneficial for business, startups and developers looking for to automate services with [AI](http://git.szmicode.com:3000) representatives. [208] |
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<br>o1<br> |
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<br>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI released the o1-preview and o1-mini models, which have been designed to take more time to believe about their actions, leading to greater precision. These designs are particularly effective in science, coding, and reasoning jobs, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Team members. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was changed by o1. [211] |
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<br>o3<br> |
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<br>On December 20, 2024, OpenAI unveiled o3, the follower of the o1 thinking model. OpenAI likewise [revealed](https://cruzazulfansclub.com) o3-mini, a lighter and faster variation of OpenAI o3. As of December 21, 2024, this model is not available for public usage. According to OpenAI, they are testing o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, safety and [security scientists](https://www.globalshowup.com) had the chance to obtain early access to these designs. [214] The model is called o3 rather than o2 to prevent confusion with telecommunications services supplier O2. [215] |
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<br>Deep research study<br> |
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<br>Deep research is a representative developed by OpenAI, revealed on February 2, 2025. It leverages the [abilities](https://myafritube.com) of OpenAI's o3 model to carry out comprehensive web surfing, data analysis, and synthesis, delivering detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to 30 minutes. [216] With browsing and Python tools allowed, it reached a precision of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) benchmark. [120] |
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<br>Image category<br> |
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<br>CLIP<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a model that is trained to examine the semantic resemblance between text and images. It can significantly be used for image category. [217] |
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<br>Text-to-image<br> |
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<br>DALL-E<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer design that produces images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E uses a 12-billion-parameter variation of GPT-3 to interpret natural language inputs (such as "a green leather handbag formed like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of a sad capybara") and generate matching images. It can produce images of sensible items ("a stained-glass window with an image of a blue strawberry") along with things that do not exist in [reality](https://suomalaistajalkapalloa.com) ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). Since March 2021, no API or code is available.<br> |
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<br>DALL-E 2<br> |
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<br>In April 2022, OpenAI announced DALL-E 2, an updated version of the design with more realistic outcomes. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI released on GitHub software application for Point-E, a brand-new rudimentary system for transforming a text description into a 3-dimensional design. [220] |
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<br>DALL-E 3<br> |
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<br>In September 2023, OpenAI announced DALL-E 3, a more powerful model much better able to generate images from complex descriptions without manual timely engineering and render intricate details like hands and text. [221] It was released to the public as a ChatGPT Plus function in October. [222] |
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<br>Text-to-video<br> |
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<br>Sora<br> |
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<br>Sora is a text-to-video design that can create videos based upon brief detailed prompts [223] along with extend existing videos forwards or backwards in time. [224] It can [produce videos](https://cagit.cacode.net) with [resolution](https://www.ntcinfo.org) as much as 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The maximal length of created videos is unidentified.<br> |
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<br>Sora's development group called it after the Japanese word for "sky", to represent its "endless innovative potential". [223] Sora's technology is an adaptation of the innovation behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image design. [225] OpenAI trained the system utilizing publicly-available videos along with copyrighted videos licensed for [trademarketclassifieds.com](https://trademarketclassifieds.com/user/profile/2701513) that purpose, but did not expose the number or the specific sources of the videos. [223] |
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<br>OpenAI demonstrated some Sora-created high-definition videos to the public on February 15, 2024, specifying that it might [generate videos](https://www.stmlnportal.com) as much as one minute long. It likewise shared a technical report highlighting the approaches utilized to train the model, and the design's capabilities. [225] It acknowledged some of its shortcomings, including battles replicating complex physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the presentation videos "impressive", but noted that they must have been cherry-picked and might not represent Sora's common output. [225] |
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<br>Despite uncertainty from some academic leaders following Sora's public demo, significant entertainment-industry figures have revealed considerable interest in the innovation's capacity. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry revealed his awe at the technology's capability to create [practical video](https://git.synz.io) from text descriptions, citing its prospective to revolutionize storytelling and material development. He said that his enjoyment about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had chosen to stop briefly prepare for broadening his Atlanta-based film studio. [227] |
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<br>Speech-to-text<br> |
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<br>Whisper<br> |
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<br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech recognition model. [228] It is trained on a big dataset of [diverse audio](https://git.prime.cv) and is also a multi-task model that can perform multilingual speech recognition in addition to speech translation and language identification. [229] |
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<br>Music generation<br> |
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<br>MuseNet<br> |
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<br>Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to anticipate subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can create songs with 10 instruments in 15 designs. According to The Verge, a [tune produced](http://101.200.181.61) by MuseNet tends to start fairly however then fall under turmoil the longer it plays. [230] [231] In popular culture, preliminary applications of this tool were used as early as 2020 for the internet psychological thriller Ben Drowned to develop music for the titular character. [232] [233] |
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<br>Jukebox<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to create music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a genre, artist, and a bit of lyrics and outputs tune samples. OpenAI specified the tunes "reveal local musical coherence [and] follow traditional chord patterns" but acknowledged that the tunes lack "familiar larger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" and that "there is a significant space" in between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge mentioned "It's technologically outstanding, even if the outcomes seem like mushy versions of tunes that might feel familiar", while Business Insider mentioned "surprisingly, some of the resulting songs are catchy and sound legitimate". [234] [235] [236] |
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<br>User user interfaces<br> |
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<br>Debate Game<br> |
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<br>In 2018, the Debate Game, which teaches makers to dispute toy issues in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research study whether such a [technique](https://thaisfriendly.com) might help in auditing [AI](https://www.schoenerechner.de) decisions and in establishing explainable [AI](http://114.55.54.52:3000). [237] [238] |
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<br>Microscope<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every significant layer and nerve cell of 8 neural network models which are typically studied in [interpretability](https://www.ignitionadvertising.com). [240] Microscope was created to [examine](https://derivsocial.org) the functions that form inside these neural networks quickly. The designs consisted of are AlexNet, VGG-19, various [variations](https://gogs.tyduyong.com) of Inception, and different versions of CLIP Resnet. [241] |
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<br>ChatGPT<br> |
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<br>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is a synthetic intelligence tool constructed on top of GPT-3 that provides a conversational interface that allows users to ask questions in natural language. The system then reacts with a response within seconds.<br> |
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